Challenges Faced By The Virgin Atlantic Commerce Essay

Challenges Faced By The Virgin Atlantic Commerce Essay Nowadays globalization has increased so competitions in business are very high because of making profits the demand increases through customers. There are lots of good smart phone applications, or app, available for smart phones to help every people to travel easier. People are addicted to travel in different places by flights, so they are looking for cheap rate. If this company decrease the flight charges their marketing in business will be in loss. One really good one is flight track. This flight land at fix time and gate number and even allow to see the geographical position of the flight on a map at any time. In this flight offers many facilities like food, water, drinks ,napkins with free of cost travelers make wonderful journey for their trips on this flight.Many airlines such as southwest,jetblue and others have launched applications which let you book your tickets ,lookup schedules and check in all in phones so customers can book tickets through online and tickets were posted in houses. A few days ago virgin Atlantic came out with app and is called JET LAG FIGTHER which seems to have a lot of potentials for people. In some emergency case workers, families in serious can immediately book on this flight. This aircraft is fastest rather than any other aircraft. TASK1 For years theres been something rather lonely about the British airline its very expensive travelers to travel. The food which they provide is not free of cost. The British airline which flies outside the comforting embrace of the big three alliances, despite the 49%stake owned by the Singapore airline a member of star alliances. That could set to change , though with virgin having now admitted to receiving a number of lines of enquiry. Theres something rather inevitable about a deal for virgin. British airways are very expense this aircraft makes difficult to gain their profits. Its a big rival working ever more closely with American airlines and international air transport associations, virgins continuing survival as a lone operator just seems too shaky. Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans and motivating people. Kurt Lewis (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leaderships.The three major style of leadership are AUTHORITIAN OR AUTOCRATIC PARTICIPATVE OR DEMOCRATIC DELEGATING OR FREE REIGN AUTHORITIAN-This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished without getting the advice of their followers .Some of the appropriate conditions to use it is when we all the information to solve the problem. Some people tend to think of this style as a vehicle for yelling ,using demeaning language and leading by threats and abusing their powers. PARTICIPATIVE(DEMOCRATIVE)-This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process. However leader maintains the final decision making authority.Using this style is not a style of weakness, rather it is sign of strength that your employees will respect. This is normally used when you have part of the information and your employees have other parts. DELEGATING OR FREE REIGN-In this style leaders allow to make the decisions. However the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made.This is used when employees are able to analyse the situations and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. Leadership is organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal. The leader may or may not have formal authority.Students of leadership have produced theories involving traits. 1.situational,interaction,function,behavior,power,visionand values. 2.charishma and intelligence and among others Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson is a British entrepreneur best known for his virgin group of over 400companies His first successful business venture was a magazine called student at age 16.In 1970 he set up an audio record mail order business. In 1972 he opened a chain of record stores .Virgin Records later known as virgin megastores.Bransons virgin brand grew during the 1980.Branson mainly has lots of business he earned more profit for virgin atlantic.He wants to continue his business for a long time. Once he caught arrested and charged selling in virgin stores that had been declared export stock .He settled out of court with uk customs and Excise with an agreement to repay the unpaid tax and a fine. Earning enough money from his record stores. Branson in 1972 launched the record level and a country estate in which he installing a recorded studio. He have lots of professional work and have good idea to build up the companies. DETERMINING ORGANIZATION DIRECTION 1. Through an interpretation of information gathered during environmental analysis managers can determine the direction in which an organization should move. 2. Important ingredients of organizational direction are organizational Mission and organizational objectives. DETERMINING ORGANIZATIONAL MISSION: The most common initial act in establishing organizational direction is an organizational mission. The statement that describes the mission talks about the target market which in this case is families, geographic, domain of neighbourhoods. It also talks about its strategy t be profitable by providing good customer service through friendly and knowledgeable people. It is essential to look into external influences like labour, conditions, competitors, government rules while considering mission statement. Companys mission statement should define stakeholders expected return along with the measurement of the performance of the company through those returns. The expected profit too should be included in the organizations mission. Moreover, the company should come to consensus as to what all areas should be measured like margin growth, efficiency, competitive cost position, product quality, market share etc. A missions statement sets the boundaries for how resources should be allocated and what strategic and operational goals should be set. The mission statement should acknowledge the companys strength and then inform employees where to direst their efforts in order to take advantage of those strength. It is often helpful to allow companywide input when creating a mission statement. Employees from throughout the organization can help identify the core values of the company. It is important to keep in mind that there will be a draft process involving in creating the mission statement. Employees can often provide invaluable insight on how to improve on each draft. In the end the mission statement should reflect the personality of the organization. Thus each company should be creative and unique in developing its own statement. Creating a mission committee that consists of members of management, frontline employees. Communicating the mission statement to customers to make them feel valued a nd important. It can be sending to customers in a mass mailing or posted or signs in areas those customers frequent. It sets the forth the goals of the organizations so customers know what to expect when doing business with the company. Mission and vision statements give organizations a focus and a strategy for the future. Setting up meetings with members of management and frontline employees can often help uncover areas where the company does not meet the standard sets by the mission statement, SWOT ANALYSIS Organizations should begin first by reviewing internal strengths and weakness. When analyzing an organizations strength is important to identify distinctive competencies or strength possessed by only a few competing firms. These distinctive competencies often become the competitive advantage that is included in the mission statement. Distinctive competencies can be found in the financial resources, quality product and services, proprietary technology or cost advantage. Organizational weakness is skills and capabilities that prevent an organization from implementing strategies that achieve its mission. They can be problem with facilities, lack of clear strategic direction, internal operating problems, too narrow a product line, weak market image, or the inability to financial changes. The next step is to identify external opportunities are circumstances in an organizations environment that if capitalized on will result in above normal increases in economic performance. In conclusion mission statement provides a sense of direction and purpose. In times of change and growth they can be an anchor and a guide in decision makings. The benefit far outweigh the disadvantages and challenges when looking at the potential for increase in profitability and returns .Defining an organization by what it produce and who it satisfies are the main target towards creating a sound and stable mission statement. Setting a company apart from the competition is one of the biggest advantages. Task-3 There are two major components to your marketing strategy: how your enterprise will address the competitive market place how you will implement and support your day to day operations In todays every competitive market place a strategy that insures a consistent approach to offering your product its all up to customers how much they required. It is of little value to have a strategy if you lack either the resources or the expertise to implement it. In the process of creating a marketing strategy you must consider many factors. Of those many factors some are more important than others.Because each strategy must address some unique considerations its not reasonable to identify every important factor at a general level. If the market is very attractive and your enterprise is one of the strongest in the industry you will want to invest your best resources in support of your offerings. If the market is very attractive and your enterprise is one of the weaker ones in the industry. A cost leadership strategy based on the concept that you produce and market good quality product or service at lower cost than your competitors. These low cost should translate to profit margins that are higher than the industry average. Some of the conditions that should exist to support a cost leadership strategy include an ongoing availability of operating capital, good process engineering skills, close management of labor, products designed for ease of manufacturing and low cost distribution. A differentiation strategy is one of the creating a product or service that is perceived is being unique throughout the industry. The emphasis can be a brand image, proprietary technology, special features, and superior services, a strong distributor network or other aspects that might be specific to your industry .This uniqueness should also translate to profit margins that are higher than the industry average. In addition some of the conditions that should exist to support a differentiation strategy include strong marketing abilities, effective product engineering, creative personal the ability to perform basic research and a good reputation. A focus strategy may be the most sophisticated of the generic strategies, in that it is a more intense form of either the cost leadership or differentiation strategy. It is designed to address a focused segment of the marketplace, product form or cost management process and is usually employed when it isnt appropriate to attempt an across the board application of cost leadership or differentiations. It is based on the concept of serving a particular target in such an exceptional manner, those others cannot compete. Usually this means addressing a substantially smaller market segment than others in the industry, but because of minimal competitions, profit margin can be high. CUSTOMER SERVICES The strength of the customer service function has a strong influence on long term market success. Factors to consider include. .Experience of the customers service manager in the areas of similar offerings and customer quality control, technical support, product documentation, sales and marketing. The availability of technical to service your offerings after it is purchased. one or more factors that causes your customer support to stand out as unique in the eyes of the customer service. Accessibility of service outlets for the customer. The reputation of the enterprise for the customer service. PROFIT POTENTIAL Potential for competitive retaliation is based on the competitors resources, commitment to the industry, cash position and predictability as well as the status of the market. The enterprises ability to construct entry barriers to competitions such as the creation of high switching costs, gaining substantial benefit from economic of scale ,exclusive access to or clogging of distributional channels and the ability to clearly differentiate your offerings from the competitions. the ability of the enterprise to limit suppliers bargaining power. The availability of substitute solutions to the prospects need. Market potential for new products considering market growth, prospects need for your offerings and the competition and the degrees of the prospect needs. The freedom of the enterprise to make critical business decisions without undue influence from distributors, suppliers, unions, investors, and other influence. COST TO ENTER MARKET This is an analysis of the factors that will influence your cost to achieve significant market penetration. Factors to consider include. your marketing strength. Access to low cost materials and effective productions. The experience of your enterprise. The complexity of introduction problems such as lack of adherence to industry standards, unavailability of materials, poor quality products, regulatory problems, and the inability to explain the benefits of the offerings to the prospects. The effectiveness of the enterprise infrastructure in terms of organization, recruiting capabilities, employee benefit programs, customer support facilities and logistical capabilities. Distribution effectiveness as measured by the history of relations, the extent of channel utilizations ,financial facilities stability, reputations ,access to prospects and familiarity with your offering. Technological efforts likely to be successful as measured by the strength of the development organization. The availability of adequate operating capital. PRODUCTION The strength of the production manager including experience with personnel management, current and new technologies, complex projects and equipments, tools used by the manufacturing personnel. Economies of scale allowing the sharing of production and the potential for vertical integration. Technology and production experience. The necessary production personnel skill level and or the enterprises ability to hire or train qualified personnel. The ability of the enterprise to limit suppliers bargaining power. The ability of the enterprise to control the quality of raw materials and product. Adequate access to raw materials and sub-assembly production. TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS Technology is an outgoing process and BAS competition like virgin Atlantic is also in for the challenge .Virgin Atlantic airlines invested in innovative features that distinguish the company name. The use of information technology and internet are key factors in BAS strategy success and efficiency of the organizations. British Airways recognized this opportunity and turned in to one of its strength. On the other hand Technology advancements may also be a threat to the airline industry. As an example video conferencing may reduce business travel. Another example its internet bookings which are allowing greater price transparency thus leading to aggressive price battles between competitions, resulting in less profit marketing and leading to a less effective financial positions. MARKETING STRATEGY BA lacks of a marketing strategy to win customer loyalty. A weakness that has to be addressed by the organization. It is argued that BA is growing thanks to the globalization and travelers needs rather than to the effectiveness of the marketing campaigns. Despite the great infrastructure hosted by the company.BA needs to carry out better marketing schemes to attract prospective travelers .The company suffers from a deprivation of strategic management strategy to keep its goal aligned with growing market trends to match needs of the future. Virgin Atlantic is being proactive and is currently reviewing it global advertising strategy in a move to increase its advertising effectiveness that could lead to an overhaul of its worldwide arrangement. MAKING STRATEGIC PLANNING MORE EFFECTIVE Rigby has found there is no co relation between satisfaction with financial results and the number or type of strategic management tools used by an organization. The connection between strategies and business results is not perfect because reality usually interference. Reality may interfere internally as when a company is unable to execute its intended strategy, or externally as when events such as competitive response, technological innovation or societal trends affect the business environment. As a result of this week connection the planning process has a limited ability to influence the strategic direction of the enterprise .Most planning process does not work very well. Simpson offered some tips on what planners could do to improve the effectiveness of the planning process. He suggested minimizing the size of the planning function, expanding participation in the planning process, and keeps planning as far away from finance as possible. He noted that a large planning staff tends just to create work and that is important for managers of the functions and business unit to do their own planning .In this way they do the thinking have the insights and are invested in the implementation and results. The business needs to own their plans and against having the corporate planning staff review and critique and an operating department plans. While reducing the size of the planning staff .Planning must become non-elitist and less exclusionary, understanding what business they are in and what value the organization adds. The organization is purpose and strategy flow from the business data. THE THREAT OF TECHNOLOGY Common practices of good management, according to Professor Clayton often sow the seeds of eventual failure; because they are biased towards incremental improvement rather than radical change .He identify two types of technological change, very few established companies have managed to stay top of the change and stay ahead of upstairs competitors. Adopting these disruptive technologies would have caused currently lucrative product lines to become obsolete more rapidly .Companies stumble in the face of technological change for all kinds of reasons, including complacency and arrogance. Failure may be the price of success as companies become captive to once successful paradigms. The gap between what the market requires and what technology is providing creates opportunities for the introduction of radically new technologies. Discontinuities occur when a new technology gives the market smaller, cheaper products with fewer features, less performance or lower quality. Disruptive technologies will not have all the features valued by the mainstream market but may very well serve the needs of the significant portion or an emerging the ability to record. TASK-4 LEADERSHIP SKILL Having this process in place is vital to the organization because the individual identified in the plan will eventually be responsible for ensuring the company is able to tackle future challenges. These high potential candidates must be carefully selected and then provided training and development that gives them skills and competencies needed for tomorrows business environment. Another reason its important is because these high potential will one day become the leaders of the company. This is why their development needs to incorporate a broad range of learning opportunities in your organizations. The individuals should also exposed to as much of the working environment as possible that they gain a good understanding of what the company requires to remain successful. Succession planning is one of those initiatives that many companies dont find the time to start until its too late. If you dont address succession planning now your organization may end up facing the burden in the middle of a crisis. Finally organization understand the need to manage the development of their high performers are step ahead of their competitors. The effort required to establish a development program for future leaders is worthwhile because it creates motivated and capable groups of employees that are ready to move forward in the organization when the need arise. Succession planning is not something a well run company consequences is not being prepared to replace key personnel will have a major impact on organizations ability to achieve its goal and strategic targets. The succession planning needs to be consider as part of the companys strategic planning process because it deals with projecting future changes by anticipating management vacancies and then determining how to meet these challenges. The group turnover is in billions consisting of over 200 companies. The differences in approach from a typical multinational company are: 1) LONG TERM PLANNING-The group is privately held and in the decision making public investors are not involved. Hence the decision is taken from the long term growth perspective. The group does not need to focus on short term profit to show performance in the stock market. 2) COMPANIES OPERATE INDEPENDENTLY-The group is loosely structured under common brand name .The private companies run safely. 3) Containing company wise risk-When a company grows beyond a specific size, the company is divided in two or more. These keep company manageable and while minimizing the impact of its failure in the group. 4) NEW PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION -The group identifies new market and product based on the analysis of the existing market. The existing market for the new market is frequently either a monopoly or oligopoly.

Chinese Lion Dance

Chinese Lion Dance The lion dance is a traditional dance performed in the Chinese culture. The performers mimic the moves of the lion inside a costume that looks in a way like a lion. Many people who are not very familiar with the Lion Dance often gets it confused with the Dragon Dance, since both are performed, for the most part, for the same occasions. It is simple to tell the two dances apart. The Lion Dance is performed most of the time with only two people. The Dragon Dance is performed with many people.In the Dragon Dance multiple people are inside the dragon costume holding up poles, whereas in the Lion Dance, there is someone holding the head of the lion and another person in the back of the lion costume acting as a rear of the lion. Lions were not originally from China. They came there through what was called the Silk Road. The rulers in what is today known as Iran and Afghanistan sent the lions over to the Chinese emperors as a gift in exchange to get the right to trade wit h the Silk Road merchants. This form of Lion Dance dates all the way back to the Han Dynasty, which was from 205 B.C. E. to 220 C. E. in China. The peak of the Lion Dance was during the Tang Dynasty, which was from 716 to 907 C. E. It was mainly danced during religious festivals to celebrate. The dance eventually became so famous that it was exported to Japan as a formal court entertainment. The Lion Dance soon made its way to Korea and Taiwan. The Lion Dance is not exactly the same in all the countries, but the meaning and symbol of the dance are similar. There are many different stories of how the Lion Dance got its origins. One famous story is called â€Å"The Emperor’s Dream. This story states how the emperor of the Tang Dynasty had a dream about how a strange creature came to his rescue. When he described his dream to some advisors, they told him that the creature he described resembled that of a lion, a creature from the Western Hemisphere. The emperor then created the lion dance to honor the creature which saved his life inside of his dream. Another story of how the Lion Dance got its origins is called â€Å"The Story of the ‘Nian’. † Legends say that there was a fierce monster by the name of â€Å"Nian† that liked to kidnap children.He attacked villages every year until one year, a lion defeated the â€Å"Nian† and chased it away. The monster promised that it will be back to seek revenge. This time the villagers did not have a lion to protect themselves. As a result, they solved the problem by creating a costume like that of a lion and two villagers wore the costume to scare â€Å"Nian† away. This is the reason the lion dance is performed every Chinese New Year, so that â€Å"Nian† would not come back. The legend also says that loud noises from the drum, other instruments, and firecrackers helped scare the â€Å"Nian† away.The color red is worn during the New Year’s celebration becau se it was also believed that the â€Å"Nianâ€Å", was afraid of the color red. The word â€Å"Nian,† thought the yearly ceremony, has become the Chinese word for year. There are two different styles of the Chinese Lion Dance, the Southern Style and the Northern Style. The older and traditional form of Chinese Lion Dance is the Southern Style. The Chinese Southern Lion Dance originated from Guangdong, a providence of China. The costumes of Lion Dance vary widely, but the lion head designs shows much differences.The traditional Fo Shan Lion, has bristles instead of fur and weighs more than the current costumes. The tails are extremely long and are perpendicular to the head for three fourths of the tail's length. The eyes also move left and right. On the back of the costume, there are gold foiled rims and traditional characters saying the group’s name. Older Liu Bei lions also have black in the tail, while the new ones do not. The Gwan Gung has a red and black tail wit h white trim. The Huang Joon has a full yellow tail with white trim. The Zhang Fei has a black and white tail with white trim and a white underside.The Zhao Zi Long lion is a green lion with a green tail with black trim and also a white underside. All the traditional style Fo Shan have pop-up teeth, tongue, swivelling eyes, and a gold gilded area on the back for the school's name and also the underside of the tail is white. The designs of the tail are also squarer and contain a diamond pattern going down the back; it is also common to see and hear bells attached to the tail. Although most lion dance costumes comes with a set of matching pants, some practitioners use black Kung-Fu pants to look more traditional. The Wong people perform the lion dance using this type of lion.The newer styles of lions for Fo Shan replace all the bristles with fur and the tails are shorter than the traditional ones. They eyes are fixed in place, and the tongue and teeth do not pop up. The tail is curvie r in design. The tail does not have a diamond pattern, and lacks bells. In addition, the dancers wear flashier pants which lack the ease of movement allowed when wearing Kung-Fu pants. The Chinese Northern Style of Chinese Lion Dance is performed usually with two lions. The lions of the North have shaggy orange and yellow hair. The way to tell these lions apart by gender is to see the bow on the head.The females don a green bow while the male lions wear a red bow. Acrobatics are very common with the Northern Style, with stunts like lifts or balancing on a giant ball. Northern lions sometimes appear as a family, with two large â€Å"adult† lions and a pair of small â€Å"young lions†. Different colors on the costumes of the lions represent the different elements of life. The yellow represents earth, black represents water, green represents wood, red represents fire, and white represents metal. The nose of the lions is usually a green color. Green symbolizes good luck, p rosperity, and the â€Å"influence of heaven. Attached to the forehead of the lion is a mirror. The mirror is said to scare away evil spirits by reflecting their own image against them, and also the ability to travel between heaven and earth. The costumes of the lions used for Chinese Lion Dance can only be custom made in specialty craft shops in rural parts of China and have to be imported at considerable expense for foreign countries outside Asia. For groups in Western countries, such as the United States, is made possible through funds raised through subscriptions and pledges made by members of local cultural and business societies.Special hand-made costumes with different add-ons can run up to 2000 dollars on some websites. Some countries, like Malaysia for example, has a really big Chinese population. As a result, local expertise may be available in making the lion costumes and musical instruments without having to get them imported from China. The head of the lion contains a symbol of many different animals itself. The horn is shaped like a bird for the phoenix, symbol for life and regeneration, also associated with representing the female element.The ears and the tail are shaped like a mystical creature, the Chinese unicorn, representing wisdom and good luck. The spine represents the snake, charm and wealth. The back hump of the head represents the tortoise which is the symbol for living a long life. The forehead and the beard are from the dragon, strength, leadership and the male element. The music associated to the Lion Dance is with instruments used live, right next to the performers. The music of drums, cymbals, and gongs are heard and the dance is synchronized with the beat of the song.There are also firecrackers, which is used to add on to the sounds as well. During Chinese New Year, different groups from different Chinese martial art schools visit the house and businesses of the Chinese community to perform what is called â€Å"cai ching. † The word â€Å"cai ching† translates to â€Å"plucking the greens. † What this is, is when a lion goes on a quest or journey to pluck the green, normally vegetables, like lettuce which in Chinese called â€Å"cai† and fruits like oranges tied to a â€Å"Red Envelope† containing money; either hang highly or just put on a table in front of the premises.The lion will dance to approach the â€Å"cai† and red envelope in a manner of that of a curious cat. It will then get the vegetable and red envelope. After, the cat will â€Å"eat the vegetable† (rip it up and throw it back out), and keep the red envelope containing money for their group. The lion dance is said to bring good luck and fortune to the businesses. Not only is the dance only done during Chinese New Year, but also in other religious festivals, business openings, birthday celebrations, and wedding celebrations.In the old days, the lettuce was hung 15 to 20 feet above ground and onl y a well-trained martial artist could reach the money while dancing with a heavy lion head. These events became challenging so a very large sum of money was rewarded, and the audience expected a good show. Sometimes, if lions from multiple martial arts schools approached the lettuce at the same time, the lions are supposed to â€Å"fight† to decide a winner. The lions had to fight with lion moves instead of chaotic street fighting styles. The audience would judge the quality of the martial art schools according to how the lions fought.Since the schools' reputation was at stake, the fights were usually fierce but civilized. The winner lion would then use creative methods and martial art skills to reach the high-hanging reward. Some lions may dance on bamboo stilts and some may step on human pyramids formed by students of the school to reach the â€Å"cai ching. † The performers and the schools would gain praise and respect on top of the large money reward when they did well. During the 1950’s to 1960’s, areas with many Chinese communities, such as Chinatown, had people who resembled that of a gangster who joined these Chinese Lion Dance groups.There were lots of fights between these Lion Dance groups and kung fu schools. This worried many parents, which caused the parents to avoid letting their children join these schools. During festivals and performances, when Lion Dance groups met up, there would be fights between the groups. Some lifts and acrobatic tricks are designed for the lion to â€Å"fight† and knock over other rival lions. Performers even hid daggers in their shoes and clothes, which could be used to injure other lion dancers’ legs.Some even attached a metal horn on their lion’s forehead, which could be used to slash other lion heads. The violence got so extreme that at one point that the Hong Kong government had to put a stop to lion dance completely. Now Lion Dance groups must attain a permit from t he government in order to perform the Lion Dance. Although there is still a certain degree of competitiveness, the groups are a lot less violent and aggressive than they were in the 1950’s to 1960’s. In modern day, the Chinese Lion Dance is seen as a sport and is more of something to do during free time.

Using Berkeley Wait List Essay Samples

Using Berkeley Wait List Essay Samples The One Thing to Do for Berkeley Wait List Essay Samples A good example of a particular research proposal which you could want to undertake while at UC Berkeley. For instance, you may substantiate your selection of a specific major or your interest in studying with certain faculty on the campus. While attempting to learn how to compose a persuasive essay step-by-step, students forget about another crucial activity. The UC system has ever had one major application that every one of the campuses share. At length, as soon as you know a prospective employer is definitely likely to get hold of them, give your references a heads up. The success of the entire essay directly depends upon how good you present the supporting facts. Research on the items of discussion you will present so your report will be contingent upon facts. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most significant and frequently tricky parts for many stude nts. Its cost can hamper the standard of the content produced. You're able to purchase a superior medical cover and pay for the ideal treatment but cannot guarantee decent health. Disadvantages of selecting an affordable essay service Quality If you're opting for cheaper service, bear in mind that it might not be up to the mark. Summary Hiring a low-cost essay service may be a perfect option for students at one time crunch. The Truth About Berkeley Wait List Essay Samples The aim of a persuasive essay is to convince your readers your viewpoint is the suitable viewpoint. Weave in your perspective to turn your essay unique. Sample persuasive essays can also offer inspiration on topics to write on in addition to serve as examples about how to compose your essay. Your persuasive essay will have many paragraphs. Research before you begin writing your paper, you should compose a paper that's well detailed. Writing an essay is a critical role in academe life. Just comply with the guidelines stated above, and you'll be well on your way to writing an excellent persuasive essay. The Good, the Bad and Berkeley Wait List Essay Samples Don't forget that any argumentative essay sample you'll discover on the internet will require a full rewriting in order to prevent plagiarism. There's no ideal solution on the best way to compose an effective essay. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and offer a straightforward answer while at the identical time observing the correct structure of an essay. A shy person won't ever create a decent persuasive essay. As soon as your writing is finished, be certain to have an editor review your essay for you. As you already see from the aforementioned persuasive essay samples, these kinds of papers can be quite different. Thus employing an expert for doing your essays could be the best selection. Lies You've Been Told About Berkeley Wait List Essay Samples If you'll create any sort of written examples, you must assure people are well aware on where to use them, how to use them, and why it's vital for them to refer to the example you have made. The main reason is you will not be healthy enough to do the things you like doing but will be limited. You may be rich but if you've got a lousy personality people are not going to wish to be associated with you. If you get a nice and warm personality, individuals will be attracted to you and won't mind spending time with you. What You Should Do to Find Out About Berkeley Wait List Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind There's no extra form your recommender should complete. Generally, there are two parts of information which can help to tip the scale in your favor. Among the examples of documents that are necessary to be keenly written is a report. Any material which is not entirely the applicant's own work has to be clearly identified. Choosing Good Berkeley Wait List Essay Samples The final result is that colleges will need to put more students on waitlists as a way to deal with the uncertainty. High school, college, and sometimes even university students from all around the world are writing persuasive essays. High school isn't free in Kenya. At this point you have to wait even more time to figure out in case you've gotten into the school that you dream about. Key Pieces of Berkeley Wait List Essay Samples You will locate your mind diverting more to a single side. A persuasive essay needs to be able to grab the interest of the folks reading it easily. If you're frightened of speaking in public, writing a pe rsuasive essay for a specific audience is the best way to remove this fear. Simply take the time now to read more on the topic of persuasive writing. The simplest approach to influence the form of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. This issue of the writing sample isn't as vital as that it shows your very best reasoning and writing abilities, including your focus to detail and your understanding of appropriate legal citation format. Assuming you own a list of few such qualities, I would then start to consider music and come up with a few options. The principal component which creates a persuasive essay in English stand out from the remainder of assignments is the use of reasoning.

Chemistry Glossary Definition of Heat of Fusion

Heat of Fusion Definition: The change in enthalpy for the conversion of 1 mole or 1 gram of a solid to a liquid, at constant pressure and temperature and is usually denoted as ΔHfus. Return to the Chemistry Glossary Index

The Importance of Organization in a Police Department

The organization of a police department plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the police department. There are three major concepts you should consider when organizing a police department. They are as follows: area, time, and purpose. I will briefly discuss each concept as it relates to the organization and effectiveness of the police department. The area that any given police department is responsible for plays a huge part in it organization. For example, if a police department is responsible for patrolling twenty four square miles, then you might only have one precinct or division. A precinct, as stated in the text, is simply the entire collection of beats and sectors in a given geographic area (Dempsey Forst, 2005). One†¦show more content†¦Today, more and more police departments are experimenting with a twelve hour for three days or a ten hour for four days shifts. Tour conditions also play a key part in how shifts are made up and assigned. If the majority of crime s occur during the evening or night watch, then a police department will probably have more officers assigned to the night watch. This will allow for officers to respond to emergency cars in a much quickerShow MoreRelatedOrganization of the Police Department899 Words   |  4 PagesPolice departments have tasks of organization that is divided according to purpose, area and time. Work Assignments are given to certain groups that are divided amongst the department and have a distinct purpose that is unique from the other groups. For example; a police detective performs certain duties that are distinct from that of a patrol officer and vice versa. Each division has their own purpose to achieve certain functions within the department, to maintain effective functions within theRead MorePolice Department Organization811 Words   |  4 PagesThe police department is important to our community. 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Bestbuy Free Essays

The major reason of the failure of running Busty In China is that Chinese customers consider Price as the first priority when purchase. Even though Busty provides the highest services quality. If they do not accept the price first see on the price tag, it is rather or almost difficult for them to pay for it at last. We will write a custom essay sample on Bestbuy or any similar topic only for you Order Now They would treat Busty store as a â€Å"Display Centre†, where the customers come and try the new products, if the price is not acceptable, they will turn out buy it in a local store to look for the cheapest price. For international marketing, one of the major difficulties in running the same business In different entries Is that they have to face the cultural difference. Take the Busty case for Instance. For American, the quality of products or shopping experience Is no doubt the vital elements in operating a successful store. On the other hand, the majority of the local Chinese people are the conservative and the practical consumers, who will firstly focus on the prices rather than anything else. If they find a cheap product, they will want a cheaper one. Bargaining on prices with the sales is one of the strategies in gaining a product with a satisfying price. From the cultural difference, we can include that It Is rather a big challenge to penetrate a local brand name/company into other countries with Just using one concept that Is succeeding In the pioneer country. For a successful international company, like McDonald, Honda, PG, Milliner, etc, they would use different concepts or image to penetrate into the local markets which suit the general value of that operating country, and without contradicting the main value of their company brand name. If I were the manager of Busty store In Shanghai, I would address the problem by using deferent kinds of Pricing Strategies. Some lower priced products can be chosen every month for promotion. For instance, some newly arrived products might be discounted. Advertise them on TV or magazine, with the ads still emphasize the value of good consumer service quality. Issuing coupons for customers or allowing discounts for buying certain amount of products. Membership card could be issued for PIP customers to have regular free gifts or discounts. These prolong strategies might be a way to promote the â€Å"best bur products which they are cheaper products for that will be consider by the local Chinese customers as valuable to purchase. Attachment: Busty shut in China, Why? Busty closed business throughout China. This has to go back to five years ago when the first Busty chain store grand customers an ever buying experience for electronics products. Many trendy products were presented and displayed in a play-n-buy style in a very bright, spacious American style shopping centre located in one of the most commercial area. Then one year later, a branch store opened and in the following years, totally 5 stores opened in Shanghai (if my memory is correct. ) 2010, I have been to Shanghai and went into a Busty store. Things looked a bit different. Shopping mall is smaller with ore packed display and darkened in light maybe saving electricity. 2011, Busty closed business in China. What happened to the most successful chain store in America? In 2005, I recalled at that time Busty first came across China market, wanted to bring American style shopping experience to Shanghai. There was appointed Chinese manager as China CEO. I forgot his name but who was very experienced in retailing in China. He held the idea which to expand quickly in the market by accepting lower quality of the store. However majority of senior management disagree with him, went stick to the concepts which Busty has been succeeded. Therefore the Chinese guy resigned. Later Busty had rough years. As I see Busty failed this time due to following reasons. 1 . Consumers’ buying behavior is hard to be adopted by Busty. I was working in Watson pharmaceutical store. I came across customers walked into the store, played with the goods, and didn’t ask a single question, straight to the stuff, said, â€Å"can it be cheaper†. They know what exactly they are buying, what they concern is the price displayed on the price tag is not the price they want to pay. It is hard for Chinese customers to accept the first price. They always looking for some bargains by oral. Busty has the best shopping experience in town for electronic goods. The customers appreciate for that for sure. They came, they visited, they played, they saw, and they don’t buy. In other word, customer treated Busty as an exhibition centre, where they get to know about the products, and switch to another place to buy from local dealer, who can bargain. 2. Competition is tough. In the last 5 years, Guy Mel, China’s national chain store has been developing very fast in numbers. If you walked into their store, the quality and shopping experience is no comparison to Busty. No question Busty is the best. They are Just too many. They are opening stores without considering the cost. I am not sure the average gross margin of Guy Mel, and amounts apparently is the key. Most of the store has no customers. The cheap Chinese products like mobile phones occupy all the places. The are cheaper for sure, much cheaper. People buy from them. I personally like Busty, I hope they can adjust their strategy and come back. I like quality services and professionals. I prefer Busty to other Chinese dealers. I buy from Busty with confidence other than other local dealers who offer you the price with grounds. However Busty is not everybody choice. How to cite Bestbuy, Papers

History of christian interpretaion Essay Example For Students

History of christian interpretaion Essay A Brief History of Christian InterpretationFrom Introduction to Biblical Interpretation, by Klein, Blomberg, and HubbardaPATRISTIC PERIOD (a.d. 100-590)From the death of the Apostle John until Pope Gregory I, 590 a.d. Patristic in that it features the contributions of the so-called Church Fathers. The period in which the N.T. canon was developed, O.T. was still the primary authoritative collection of scriptures. In later years, church tradition began to exercise significant influence on the definition of church doctrine. This period ended when the church councils finally agreed upon the contents of the Christian canon. Three subperiods:1.Apostolic Fathers (a.d. 100-150)A.Select authors: Clement of Rome, Ignatius, Polycarp, Barnabas (pseudonym)B.Select writings: Didache, Shepherd of Hermas, Epistle of Barnabas, Epistle to DiognetiusC.Two purposes:1.To instruct believers in Christian doctrine2.To defend the faith against Jewish argumentsD.Four major approaches:1.Typology e.g. Clement saw the scarlet color of the cloth that Rahab hung in Jericho to signal Joshuas spies as a foreshadowing of the blood of Jesus (1 Clement 12:7). 2.Allegory a.Seeing spiritual significance in every detail of a passage. b. Barnabas saw the seven days of creation as a key to understanding the future six days indicate the world will last six thousand years, seventh day symbolizes the second coming of Christ, followed by the eighth day the beginning of another world (15:3-9) c.Allegory was the most popular way to interpret literature generally in that period. 3.Midrash a complex interpretive approach developed earlier by the Jewish rabbis that found symbolic significance in every word and phrase of the O.T. It followed a carefully devised set of rules which to todays readers appear to be little more than manipulation of the text to suit ones interests. In the originating period, however, the intent of the rabbis was to find the practical significance behind the scriptures so they could be applied to life situations not addressed in the plain sense of a passage. 4.Tradition a.When the Gnostics appeared in the 2nd-3rd centuries, they supported their heresies by appealing to so-called sayings of Jesus that he had taught his disciples in private and that only the most spiritual could comprehend. Given the fact that the complete Christian canon was still in development, many Christian leaders felt disadvantaged in combating Gnostic heresies. Their only recourse to rebut the heresies was to appeal the authority of traditions believed to have been handed down from the apostles. b.This established a new hermeneutical principle of church tradition that dominated until it was challenged centuries later during the Reformation. 2.Alexandria vs. Antioch (a.d. 150-400)A.Two centers of Christian instruction dominated during this time, each of having their distinct approach to hermeneutics, Alexandria in Egypt and Antioch of Syria. B.Alexandria in Egypt1.Promoted the allegorical method among Jews and philosophers through an influential school, continuing the tradition of Philo, a popular Jewish scholar from the intertestamental period. 2.Allegory assigning spiritual significance to every detail of a passage. 3.Clement of Alexandria (a.d. 190-203)a.Taught that every scripture had two meanings, analogous to a human being:1)Literal (like the human body)2)Spiritual or hidden (like the human soul)3)The literal sense is but a pointer to its underlying spiritual truth. b.The classic example is Clements interpretation of the prodigal son: the robe the father gave to the returned prodigal represents immortality; the shoes represent the upward progress of the soul; and the fatted calf represents Christ as the source of spiritual nourishment for Christians. 4.Origen (a.d. 185-254) Clements successora.Origen expanded upon Clement, by saying that just as humans consist of body, soul, and spirit, so Scripture has a threefold meaning. 1)Body literal meaning2)Soul spiritual meaning (Origen refined this into a doctrinal sense, i.e. truths about the nature of the church and the Christians relationship to God)3)Spirit moral meaning (i.e. ethical instructions about the believers relationships to others)b.An example is the sexual relations between Lot and his daughters (Genesis 19:30-38). The literal sense was that it actually happened. The moral meaning is that Lot represents the rational mind, his wife the flesh inclined to pleasures, and the daughters vai nglory and pride. Applying these three yields the spiritual (or doctrinal) meaning: Lot represents the O.T. law, the daughters represent Jerusalem and Samaria, and the wife represents the Israelites who rebelled in the wilderness. c.For those who argued that this approach took liberties with the text, Origen contended that God has inspired the allegorical meaning into his writing. Thus, what Origen considered the deepest meaning of Scripture was already implicit in Scripture, not something invented by the interpreter. 5.This approach sparked a reaction by other church leaders, which led to the founding of another school. C.Antioch of Syria1.Founded in the 4th century a.d., it promoted what we now call the grammatico-historical method of interpretation: that every passage has one plain simple meaning conveyed by its grammar and words. 2.Chief instructorsa.Theodore of Mopsuestia (a.d. 350-428)b.Theodoret (a.d. 393-460)c.John Chrysostom (a.d. 347-407) sermons show the application of this method to preaching. 3.They did not minimize spiritual sense of application of a text, but believed that there was a direct correspondence between a texts historical meaning and its spiritual applications. 4.Example: Song of Solomon was not an allegory symbolizing Christs love for the church of the Christians devotion to Christ, but was a love poem written by Solomon to celebrate his marriage to an Egyptian princess. 5.While these interpreters were more careful to preserve Scriptures historical sense, they sometimes slipped into allegorizing. 3.The Church Councils (a.d. 400-590)A.When the Roman emperor Constantine was converted in 312 a.d., he believed that doctrinal disputes among Christians threatened the empires political stability. So he pressured the church to settle differences and standardize its disputed doctrines. B.This proved difficult, in that both unorthodox and orthodox groups supported their views from Scripture, and even orthodox theologians could not agree on how to interpret Scripture, as the conflict between Alexandria and Antioch demonstrates. C.This led orthodox church leaders, under Constantine, to argue that only they, the apostles successors, were the true interpreters of Scripture since only they had received the apostolic teaching. To implement this principle, they convened a series of church councils to define official church doctrine. D.In effect, it raised the authority of tradition above that of Scripture. E.Augustine (a.d. 397) articulates this method in On Christian Doctrine. 1.According to Augustine, to interpret the Bible correctly, one must find out what the original writer intended to say. In cases where this is not clear, there are three criteria for finding the correct meaning:a.First, consult the rule of faith (what clearer passages of Scripture say on the subject). b.Second, consult the authority of the Church, or the churchs traditional interpretation of the text. c.Third, if conflicting views meet both criteria, consult the context to see which view commends itself best. 2.In other words, plainer passages and church tradition take precedence over the contexts of obscure passages. 3.Thus, the accepted church tradition, not a reasoned study of Scripture, became the ultimate interpreter of the Bible. F.Another event at the end of the patristic period that solidified the grip of tradition on interpretation was Jeromes translation of the O.T., N.T., and the Apocrypha into Latin (a.d. 331-420). 1.This translation from Hebrew and Greek manuscripts, known as the Vulgate (Lat., common), became the official Bible of the church. The study of the Bible in the original Hebrew and Greek ceased for all practical purposes. 2.This was unfortunate, because in some instances, the Vulgate was not as accurate in reflecting the original languages (e.g. Luke 1:28, Hail Mary, full of grace, contrast to NIV). 3.Thus, the church moved still another step away from dependence upon the Scripture itself for its teachings. THE MIDDLE AGES (a.d. 590-1500)As the name implies, the Middle Ages is the historical era that falls between two other major periods. It flows out of the Patristic Period, dominated by the church fathers and councils, and flows into the Reformation. Popular impression sees the period as dark and oppressive, which is partly accurate. There was widespread ignorance, and morally bankrupt church leaders stopped at nothing to preserve their ecclesiastical power. 1.Three approaches typify this period:A.Church Tradition 1.Preserved through the written Catena, or chain of interpretations compiled from the commentaries of the Church Fathers. Exegesis was synonymous with tradition, as the good commentator was one who faithfully passed on what he had received. 2.Interpretive Gloss an offspring of the catena, consisted of annotations or commentaries from the Fathers written in the margin or between the lines of the Bible. Eventually, these glosses were collected into the Glossa Ordinaria, the standard medieval commentary on the Bible. B.Allegorical the dominant method1.This method was expanded beyond Origens threefold sense of Scripture to the belief that every Bible text had four meanings:a.Literal (historical)b.Allegorical (doctrinal)c.Moral (or tropological)d.Anagogical (eschatological)2.A popular rhyme from the Middle Ages summarizes them:The letter shows us what God and our fathers did;The allegory shows us where our faith is hid;The moral meaning gives us the rules of daily life;The anagogy shows us where we end our strife. 3.Example: JerusalemLiteral: the ancient Jewish cityAllegorical: the Christian churchMoral: the faithful soulAnagogical: the heavenly cityC.Historical / Scholastic1.This limited its concerns to the literal meaning of the text, the first level of allegory, drawing primarily often on Jewish interpretation and the work of Jerome, who emphasized scriptures literal meaning. 2.Primary figure: Andrew of St. Victor, 12th century3.Scholasticism, a strict historical/literal approach, representing a pre-Renaissance intellectual awakening in Europe that began in monasteries and later spread to universities, emerged during this time. Its main concern was to sort out the relationship between the Christian faith and human reason. 4.During this time, there was the rediscovery of pre-Christian philosophers such as Aristotle. 5.Aristotle was the primary tool of scholastics, with his method of logical analysis and syllogisms. 6.Key figures: a.Anselm, Peter of Abelardb.The most articulate spokesman for scholasticism was the brilliant Christian thinker, Thomas Aquinas. His massive Summa Theologica synthesized the intellectual fruits of three centuries of intense academic discussion. It gave the Christian faith a rational, systematic expression, and eventually became the standard summary of theology in the Roman Catholic Church. Aquinas emphasized the importance of the literal meaning of scripture. For him it represented the basis of which the other senses (allegorical, anagogical, etc.) rested. He argued that the literal sense of Scripture contained everything necessary to faith. In effect, he freed theology from its long historical slavery to the allegorical method. 2.The Middle Ages witnessed the decline of the allegorical approach in the Church. The scholastic emphasis on the use of reason in interpretation underscored the subjectivity of allegory and undermined confidence in its validity. The application of philosophical tools to theology tended to anchor the interpretation of Scripture to more rational, objective moorings. On the other hand, practitioners of allegory still abounded in the church, and dependence upon traditional interpretation remained heavy. Different Forms Of Government EssayC.The rest of the 20th century witnessed a number of developments in biblical study, most of which were an expansion on one of the trends of history. 1.The application of the scientific method to historical research evolved to the point that some conducted little more than academic autopsies on scripture, treating scripture like a cadaver with literary parts for dissecting. Tedious analysis, even to the point of dissecting the origins of syllables in words, was conducted. Various types of criticism emerged, many that still have value if freed from radical rationalistic assumptions. 2.There also were approaches that were not quite as extreme, but which nonetheless discounted the historical reliability of scripture. Scholars such as the Swiss country pastor, Karl Barth, and the German theologian, Rudolf Bultmann, are representatives. a.Barth lambasted many of the mistakes of liberalism and tried to reemphasize the authority of the Word of God. His sermons and writings reflect penetrating biblical interpretation. Yet, he did not believe the miracles and stories were intended to be historical, but were intentional myths that conveyed theological truth in historical dress. God communicated in these myths because it is the only way fallen man could encounter a being so transcendent. The Bible is simply a conduit for a personal encounter with God, the myth being necessary to facilitate the experience. Once a person has the encounter, the Bible becomes the Word of God to that person. The Bible is a tool to be utilized subjectively to deepen the personal encounter, so there is no need to look for a coherent, objective stream of truth. This view is referred to as Neo-orthodoxy. b.Bultmann, believed that the prevailing scientific worldview had undermined the faith of many intelligent Christians. They had trouble believing the Bible because of all its mythological elements. He distinguished between the Jesus of History (the person who actually lived) and the Christ of Faith (the person represented in Christian preaching). By using scientific method, he identified the parts of scripture he thought were myth such as miracle stories, and tried to separate them from the kernels of actual history. This was referred to as demythologizing the text. Once the text was demythologized, one could discover the true message that was couched in the now outmoded myth. He did not believe the Bible contained much objective information, and that the reader could reject anything that was not scientific. The purpose of Bible study is to allow its understanding of human existence to clarify ones own existence. Built upon existential philosophy, which emphasizes the anxiety and hop elessness in human life, Bultmann believed if a person first acknowledges their unauthentic existence, they can go to the Bible to gain subjective insight that makes their lives more authentic. 3.Later efforts, such as the quest for this historical Jesus, and the so-called new hermeneutic built upon Bultmann. Obviously, there are many pitfalls, but the attempt of Bultmann to bring the text into human life has had a lasting impact that continues even today. 4.In reaction to this liberalism, scholars such as C. H. Dodd, T.W. Manson, and Vincent Taylor ably defended the substantial historical reliability of the Gospels and other sections of scripture. Another movement sprang up after World War II, called the Biblical Theology Movement. It sought to utilize scientific method to challenge and overthrow liberalism. Among other things, it emphasized the unity of the Bible as a whole, its historical reliability, and how the Bible surpassed the mentality of its ancient environment (which implied its divine origin). 3.Post-modern Era (CG)A.The post World-War II era is often referred to as Post-Modern. Essentially, it means After Modernism, modernism meaning an era dominated by science and the scientific method, in all of its forms. The atrocities of World War II, the ecological disasters brought on by industrialization, the moral decadence of the 70s, the failures of technology (such as the Challenger disaster), and many other factors have cast doubt on the supremacy of science and the possibilities of human achievement. Modernism has failed, forcing man to acknowledge his imperfection. Recent history has shown that man cannot master his environment, he cannot create the perfect society, and he cannot be trusted to be purely objective in his scientific endeavors. B.The problem is that while postmodernism disparages science, it puts nothing else in its place. It rejects the idea that there is an all-encompassing framework that helps us to understand everything. With modernism, there was a coheren t framework in which everything was to be understood, science. This even carried over to how we interpreted literature. There was the belief that the rational human being, applying scientific method, could stand above any written document and determine its objective meaning, even to the point of rejecting anything that was not scientifically verifiable (e.g. miracles). Postmodernism, however, is much less confident of man and his abilities. C.There is some validity to this. Postmodernism helps us to see the limitations of humanity and her bold experiment with science. Science never was capable of serving as the all-encompassing framework for understanding the universe. But it is equally as dangerous to reject the notion of objectivity and truth altogether. This is what postmodernism has done. Like modernism, it has left man to himself. But unlike modernism, it presents no hope in the possibility that anything else can give life its ultimate meaning. D.One strain of postmodernism in literature is the idea of deconstructionism. Deconstructionism, most often traced back to the French philosopher Derrida, asserts that all things written emerge out of a political bias. Objective, factual stories do not exist. Writers of history, literature, philosophy, etc., perhaps unconsciously, use language to empower their political bias. This language advances those within their system, and marginalizes, and perhaps oppresses, those outside their system. It captures and expresses only part of the story. The task of todays interpreter is, therefore, to deconstruct the story, ridding it of the bias used in its original construction, resulting in a phenomenon called revisionism. Revisionism is where a reader seeks to detect the bias employed by the original author, and then revises the story using a new lens, the bias of the reader. It is not that the original story was untrue, but that it represented one truth, as to where the revision sets forth another truth. This approach has spawned the revisionist theologies of the gay movement, feminists, and liberationists. RESTORATION MOVEMENT (NOT from Klein, Blomberg and Hubbard)1.Began and continues as an attempt to practice a pure New Testament Christianity, acknowledging proper distinctions between O.T. and N.T., disavowing human authority in religion, emphasizing priesthood of all believers, autonomy of the church, and achieving unity through restoration.2.Exists now as three separate movements. Churches of Christ (Non-instrumental) Separated from the above group in the early 1900s over issues such as the musical instrument and missionary societies. -Principle: Whatever is not expressly authorized in scripture is forbidden.-Grammatical-Historical approach to the text, and apply the text to determine church practice by extracting 1) divine command, 2) approved apostolic example, 3) necessary inference. Christian Churches / Churches of Christ (Instrumental) -Principle: Whatever is not expressly forbidden in scripture is authorized.-Same basic approach to the text as Churches of Christ (non-instrumental) above with a greater emphasis on piety, and more embracing of theological diversity on non-essentials.Disciples of Christ Gradual distinction from the Christian Church / Churches of Christ (Instrumental) began in the late 1940s, primarily over the influence of liberal theology in Disciples schools and ministers. EVALUATING THE MAJOR APPROACHESOBSERVATION: The assumptions of t he age tend to overwhelm ones approach to scripture. EVALUATION OF ALLEGORICAL METHOD1.It minimizes or discounts the historical sense of scripture, placing emphasis on hidden, subjective meanings. 2.It ignores many of the clear meanings of the original languages. 3.It destroys any objective basis for understanding truth, and is very speculative and fanciful. 4.It should not be followed unless scripture expressly describes itself as an allegory (e.g. Galatians 4:21-31; Matthew 13:18-23). EVALUATION OF LITERALISM (e.g. School of Antioch)1.Begins admirably as a real attempt to draw from scripture its original meaning. 2.There is the danger of hyper-literalism (commanding to be baptized straightway like the Philippian jailor in Acts 16). 3.Often has an accompanying unwillingness to make application, which may not be the fault of the method itself, but of the intentions of the interpreter. EVALUATION OF SCHOLASTICISM (e.g. Thomas Aquinas)1.Places religion and philosophy side-by-side, and blurs the distinction. 2.Tends to ignore history and the original language meanings in view of integrating ones theology with philosophy. 3.Often becomes little more than an attempt to provide intellectual strength for previously held assumptions. EVALUATION OF PIETISM (e.g. Spener, Wesley, Edwards often called Mysticism)1.Begins as an attempt to rescue the text from dogmatism and heresy-hunting and restore its value as spiritual food. 2.Tends to do less actual interpretation and explanation and overwhelms the text with pious reflection. 3.Often ignores the doctrinal import of many passages. EVALUATION OF RATIONAL-HISTORICAL-CRITICAL (including classical liberalism)1.Provides some excellent means of discovering important features and backgrounds that are important to correct understanding. 2.Easily slips into treating scripture as a cadaver to be dissected rather than the living Word of God to be understood and obeyed. 3.Often begins with the presuppositions of naturalism (i.e. no supernatural, miracles, etc.). 4.Often minimizes the Bible as a human document that evolved over time, denying Gods inspiration and intervention. EVALUATION OF NEO-ORTHODOXY (e.g. Karl Barth)1.Neo-orthodoxy begins the assumptions of liberalism above, so the same criticisms apply. 2.Often produces deep, penetrating interpretations of scripture, but (It is like a mermaid. Too much of a fish to love her as a woman, too much of a woman to eat her as a fish)3.Denies miracles as real but refers to them as if they actually happened. 4.Its view of authority is subjective, based on personal encounter. This is not to say we should be clinical with the text, as if you stand apart from it without it impacting you. But one does need to seek objective truth. EVALUATION OF POSTMODERNISM 1.Helps us to acknowledge that we are influenced by our cultural or ethnic bias in interpreting scripture, and that there are limitations to human attempts at understanding. But 2.Its view of mans rational abilities is too pessimistic, to the point of totally removing any objective basis for understanding scripture. 3.It refuses to distinguish between any system of thinking, choosing to be entirely pluralistic, denying the supremacy of the one God who has spoken clearly through his Word. EVALUATION OF RESTORATION HERMENEUTICS1.Admirable attempts and goals to return to the Bible for all religious authority over against denominational or traditional controls. 2.Often slips into proof-texting, hair-splitting, suspicion, and division.