The Importance of Organization in a Police Department

The organization of a police department plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the police department. There are three major concepts you should consider when organizing a police department. They are as follows: area, time, and purpose. I will briefly discuss each concept as it relates to the organization and effectiveness of the police department. The area that any given police department is responsible for plays a huge part in it organization. For example, if a police department is responsible for patrolling twenty four square miles, then you might only have one precinct or division. A precinct, as stated in the text, is simply the entire collection of beats and sectors in a given geographic area (Dempsey Forst, 2005). One†¦show more content†¦Today, more and more police departments are experimenting with a twelve hour for three days or a ten hour for four days shifts. Tour conditions also play a key part in how shifts are made up and assigned. If the majority of crime s occur during the evening or night watch, then a police department will probably have more officers assigned to the night watch. This will allow for officers to respond to emergency cars in a much quickerShow MoreRelatedOrganization of the Police Department899 Words   |  4 PagesPolice departments have tasks of organization that is divided according to purpose, area and time. Work Assignments are given to certain groups that are divided amongst the department and have a distinct purpose that is unique from the other groups. For example; a police detective performs certain duties that are distinct from that of a patrol officer and vice versa. Each division has their own purpose to achieve certain functions within the department, to maintain effective functions within theRead MorePolice Department Organization811 Words   |  4 PagesThe police department is important to our community. 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With a population of 10,000 to 20,000, visitors a day during the summer months come to Junction City. The downtownRead MoreA Theoretical Framework For Recruiting Asian American Police Candidates843 Words   |  4 PagesStates, law enforcement agencies must search beyond traditional methods to attract potential Asian-American police candidates (Crump, 2011). It is not to say that traditional methods of recruiting are ineffective in today’s 21st century policing, but rather, law enforcement agencies must utilize both traditional and non-traditional methods to recruit and hire the most qualified Asian-Americans. By analyzing, assessing, evaluating, and combining the works of several law enforcement scholars regardingRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States885 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants should have made the police department recognize the needs of being as diverse as the community. It is necessary that those who are policing the city reflect the demographics of that city. 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People depend on police officers to protectRead MoreThe Importance Of Information Sharing Across Learning Organizations Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation so important in a learning organization in comparison to an efficient performance organization? Discuss how an organization’s approach to sharing information may be related to other elements of organization design such as: structure, tasks, strategy, and culture. An understanding of the importance of information sharing across learning organizations (LO) vs. efficient performance organizations (EPO) first requires a definition of the two organization types. Peter Senge (1996) explainsRead MoreQuestions On Local Law Enforcement1609 Words   |  7 Pages11th 2001, our nation has established the Department of Homeland Security as well as sections within other departments of the federal government tasked specifically with protecting the homeland from internal and external threats. 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The Operations of Police is no different. In this body of work, two types of changes with the police force will be examined, the various lines of communication that is present within any local law enforcement agency, the importance of modern day policing, two quality of life issues, as well as a comparison and a contrast of police reactions as they relate to school, home, and the workplace. Keywords: Police, community, people, issues, communications Standards

Bestbuy Free Essays

The major reason of the failure of running Busty In China is that Chinese customers consider Price as the first priority when purchase. Even though Busty provides the highest services quality. If they do not accept the price first see on the price tag, it is rather or almost difficult for them to pay for it at last. We will write a custom essay sample on Bestbuy or any similar topic only for you Order Now They would treat Busty store as a â€Å"Display Centre†, where the customers come and try the new products, if the price is not acceptable, they will turn out buy it in a local store to look for the cheapest price. For international marketing, one of the major difficulties in running the same business In different entries Is that they have to face the cultural difference. Take the Busty case for Instance. For American, the quality of products or shopping experience Is no doubt the vital elements in operating a successful store. On the other hand, the majority of the local Chinese people are the conservative and the practical consumers, who will firstly focus on the prices rather than anything else. If they find a cheap product, they will want a cheaper one. Bargaining on prices with the sales is one of the strategies in gaining a product with a satisfying price. From the cultural difference, we can include that It Is rather a big challenge to penetrate a local brand name/company into other countries with Just using one concept that Is succeeding In the pioneer country. For a successful international company, like McDonald, Honda, PG, Milliner, etc, they would use different concepts or image to penetrate into the local markets which suit the general value of that operating country, and without contradicting the main value of their company brand name. If I were the manager of Busty store In Shanghai, I would address the problem by using deferent kinds of Pricing Strategies. Some lower priced products can be chosen every month for promotion. For instance, some newly arrived products might be discounted. Advertise them on TV or magazine, with the ads still emphasize the value of good consumer service quality. Issuing coupons for customers or allowing discounts for buying certain amount of products. Membership card could be issued for PIP customers to have regular free gifts or discounts. These prolong strategies might be a way to promote the â€Å"best bur products which they are cheaper products for that will be consider by the local Chinese customers as valuable to purchase. Attachment: Busty shut in China, Why? Busty closed business throughout China. This has to go back to five years ago when the first Busty chain store grand customers an ever buying experience for electronics products. Many trendy products were presented and displayed in a play-n-buy style in a very bright, spacious American style shopping centre located in one of the most commercial area. Then one year later, a branch store opened and in the following years, totally 5 stores opened in Shanghai (if my memory is correct. ) 2010, I have been to Shanghai and went into a Busty store. Things looked a bit different. Shopping mall is smaller with ore packed display and darkened in light maybe saving electricity. 2011, Busty closed business in China. What happened to the most successful chain store in America? In 2005, I recalled at that time Busty first came across China market, wanted to bring American style shopping experience to Shanghai. There was appointed Chinese manager as China CEO. I forgot his name but who was very experienced in retailing in China. He held the idea which to expand quickly in the market by accepting lower quality of the store. However majority of senior management disagree with him, went stick to the concepts which Busty has been succeeded. Therefore the Chinese guy resigned. Later Busty had rough years. As I see Busty failed this time due to following reasons. 1 . Consumers’ buying behavior is hard to be adopted by Busty. I was working in Watson pharmaceutical store. I came across customers walked into the store, played with the goods, and didn’t ask a single question, straight to the stuff, said, â€Å"can it be cheaper†. They know what exactly they are buying, what they concern is the price displayed on the price tag is not the price they want to pay. It is hard for Chinese customers to accept the first price. They always looking for some bargains by oral. Busty has the best shopping experience in town for electronic goods. The customers appreciate for that for sure. They came, they visited, they played, they saw, and they don’t buy. In other word, customer treated Busty as an exhibition centre, where they get to know about the products, and switch to another place to buy from local dealer, who can bargain. 2. Competition is tough. In the last 5 years, Guy Mel, China’s national chain store has been developing very fast in numbers. If you walked into their store, the quality and shopping experience is no comparison to Busty. No question Busty is the best. They are Just too many. They are opening stores without considering the cost. I am not sure the average gross margin of Guy Mel, and amounts apparently is the key. Most of the store has no customers. The cheap Chinese products like mobile phones occupy all the places. The are cheaper for sure, much cheaper. People buy from them. I personally like Busty, I hope they can adjust their strategy and come back. I like quality services and professionals. I prefer Busty to other Chinese dealers. I buy from Busty with confidence other than other local dealers who offer you the price with grounds. However Busty is not everybody choice. How to cite Bestbuy, Papers

History of christian interpretaion Essay Example For Students

History of christian interpretaion Essay A Brief History of Christian InterpretationFrom Introduction to Biblical Interpretation, by Klein, Blomberg, and HubbardaPATRISTIC PERIOD (a.d. 100-590)From the death of the Apostle John until Pope Gregory I, 590 a.d. Patristic in that it features the contributions of the so-called Church Fathers. The period in which the N.T. canon was developed, O.T. was still the primary authoritative collection of scriptures. In later years, church tradition began to exercise significant influence on the definition of church doctrine. This period ended when the church councils finally agreed upon the contents of the Christian canon. Three subperiods:1.Apostolic Fathers (a.d. 100-150)A.Select authors: Clement of Rome, Ignatius, Polycarp, Barnabas (pseudonym)B.Select writings: Didache, Shepherd of Hermas, Epistle of Barnabas, Epistle to DiognetiusC.Two purposes:1.To instruct believers in Christian doctrine2.To defend the faith against Jewish argumentsD.Four major approaches:1.Typology e.g. Clement saw the scarlet color of the cloth that Rahab hung in Jericho to signal Joshuas spies as a foreshadowing of the blood of Jesus (1 Clement 12:7). 2.Allegory a.Seeing spiritual significance in every detail of a passage. b. Barnabas saw the seven days of creation as a key to understanding the future six days indicate the world will last six thousand years, seventh day symbolizes the second coming of Christ, followed by the eighth day the beginning of another world (15:3-9) c.Allegory was the most popular way to interpret literature generally in that period. 3.Midrash a complex interpretive approach developed earlier by the Jewish rabbis that found symbolic significance in every word and phrase of the O.T. It followed a carefully devised set of rules which to todays readers appear to be little more than manipulation of the text to suit ones interests. In the originating period, however, the intent of the rabbis was to find the practical significance behind the scriptures so they could be applied to life situations not addressed in the plain sense of a passage. 4.Tradition a.When the Gnostics appeared in the 2nd-3rd centuries, they supported their heresies by appealing to so-called sayings of Jesus that he had taught his disciples in private and that only the most spiritual could comprehend. Given the fact that the complete Christian canon was still in development, many Christian leaders felt disadvantaged in combating Gnostic heresies. Their only recourse to rebut the heresies was to appeal the authority of traditions believed to have been handed down from the apostles. b.This established a new hermeneutical principle of church tradition that dominated until it was challenged centuries later during the Reformation. 2.Alexandria vs. Antioch (a.d. 150-400)A.Two centers of Christian instruction dominated during this time, each of having their distinct approach to hermeneutics, Alexandria in Egypt and Antioch of Syria. B.Alexandria in Egypt1.Promoted the allegorical method among Jews and philosophers through an influential school, continuing the tradition of Philo, a popular Jewish scholar from the intertestamental period. 2.Allegory assigning spiritual significance to every detail of a passage. 3.Clement of Alexandria (a.d. 190-203)a.Taught that every scripture had two meanings, analogous to a human being:1)Literal (like the human body)2)Spiritual or hidden (like the human soul)3)The literal sense is but a pointer to its underlying spiritual truth. b.The classic example is Clements interpretation of the prodigal son: the robe the father gave to the returned prodigal represents immortality; the shoes represent the upward progress of the soul; and the fatted calf represents Christ as the source of spiritual nourishment for Christians. 4.Origen (a.d. 185-254) Clements successora.Origen expanded upon Clement, by saying that just as humans consist of body, soul, and spirit, so Scripture has a threefold meaning. 1)Body literal meaning2)Soul spiritual meaning (Origen refined this into a doctrinal sense, i.e. truths about the nature of the church and the Christians relationship to God)3)Spirit moral meaning (i.e. ethical instructions about the believers relationships to others)b.An example is the sexual relations between Lot and his daughters (Genesis 19:30-38). The literal sense was that it actually happened. The moral meaning is that Lot represents the rational mind, his wife the flesh inclined to pleasures, and the daughters vai nglory and pride. Applying these three yields the spiritual (or doctrinal) meaning: Lot represents the O.T. law, the daughters represent Jerusalem and Samaria, and the wife represents the Israelites who rebelled in the wilderness. c.For those who argued that this approach took liberties with the text, Origen contended that God has inspired the allegorical meaning into his writing. Thus, what Origen considered the deepest meaning of Scripture was already implicit in Scripture, not something invented by the interpreter. 5.This approach sparked a reaction by other church leaders, which led to the founding of another school. C.Antioch of Syria1.Founded in the 4th century a.d., it promoted what we now call the grammatico-historical method of interpretation: that every passage has one plain simple meaning conveyed by its grammar and words. 2.Chief instructorsa.Theodore of Mopsuestia (a.d. 350-428)b.Theodoret (a.d. 393-460)c.John Chrysostom (a.d. 347-407) sermons show the application of this method to preaching. 3.They did not minimize spiritual sense of application of a text, but believed that there was a direct correspondence between a texts historical meaning and its spiritual applications. 4.Example: Song of Solomon was not an allegory symbolizing Christs love for the church of the Christians devotion to Christ, but was a love poem written by Solomon to celebrate his marriage to an Egyptian princess. 5.While these interpreters were more careful to preserve Scriptures historical sense, they sometimes slipped into allegorizing. 3.The Church Councils (a.d. 400-590)A.When the Roman emperor Constantine was converted in 312 a.d., he believed that doctrinal disputes among Christians threatened the empires political stability. So he pressured the church to settle differences and standardize its disputed doctrines. B.This proved difficult, in that both unorthodox and orthodox groups supported their views from Scripture, and even orthodox theologians could not agree on how to interpret Scripture, as the conflict between Alexandria and Antioch demonstrates. C.This led orthodox church leaders, under Constantine, to argue that only they, the apostles successors, were the true interpreters of Scripture since only they had received the apostolic teaching. To implement this principle, they convened a series of church councils to define official church doctrine. D.In effect, it raised the authority of tradition above that of Scripture. E.Augustine (a.d. 397) articulates this method in On Christian Doctrine. 1.According to Augustine, to interpret the Bible correctly, one must find out what the original writer intended to say. In cases where this is not clear, there are three criteria for finding the correct meaning:a.First, consult the rule of faith (what clearer passages of Scripture say on the subject). b.Second, consult the authority of the Church, or the churchs traditional interpretation of the text. c.Third, if conflicting views meet both criteria, consult the context to see which view commends itself best. 2.In other words, plainer passages and church tradition take precedence over the contexts of obscure passages. 3.Thus, the accepted church tradition, not a reasoned study of Scripture, became the ultimate interpreter of the Bible. F.Another event at the end of the patristic period that solidified the grip of tradition on interpretation was Jeromes translation of the O.T., N.T., and the Apocrypha into Latin (a.d. 331-420). 1.This translation from Hebrew and Greek manuscripts, known as the Vulgate (Lat., common), became the official Bible of the church. The study of the Bible in the original Hebrew and Greek ceased for all practical purposes. 2.This was unfortunate, because in some instances, the Vulgate was not as accurate in reflecting the original languages (e.g. Luke 1:28, Hail Mary, full of grace, contrast to NIV). 3.Thus, the church moved still another step away from dependence upon the Scripture itself for its teachings. THE MIDDLE AGES (a.d. 590-1500)As the name implies, the Middle Ages is the historical era that falls between two other major periods. It flows out of the Patristic Period, dominated by the church fathers and councils, and flows into the Reformation. Popular impression sees the period as dark and oppressive, which is partly accurate. There was widespread ignorance, and morally bankrupt church leaders stopped at nothing to preserve their ecclesiastical power. 1.Three approaches typify this period:A.Church Tradition 1.Preserved through the written Catena, or chain of interpretations compiled from the commentaries of the Church Fathers. Exegesis was synonymous with tradition, as the good commentator was one who faithfully passed on what he had received. 2.Interpretive Gloss an offspring of the catena, consisted of annotations or commentaries from the Fathers written in the margin or between the lines of the Bible. Eventually, these glosses were collected into the Glossa Ordinaria, the standard medieval commentary on the Bible. B.Allegorical the dominant method1.This method was expanded beyond Origens threefold sense of Scripture to the belief that every Bible text had four meanings:a.Literal (historical)b.Allegorical (doctrinal)c.Moral (or tropological)d.Anagogical (eschatological)2.A popular rhyme from the Middle Ages summarizes them:The letter shows us what God and our fathers did;The allegory shows us where our faith is hid;The moral meaning gives us the rules of daily life;The anagogy shows us where we end our strife. 3.Example: JerusalemLiteral: the ancient Jewish cityAllegorical: the Christian churchMoral: the faithful soulAnagogical: the heavenly cityC.Historical / Scholastic1.This limited its concerns to the literal meaning of the text, the first level of allegory, drawing primarily often on Jewish interpretation and the work of Jerome, who emphasized scriptures literal meaning. 2.Primary figure: Andrew of St. Victor, 12th century3.Scholasticism, a strict historical/literal approach, representing a pre-Renaissance intellectual awakening in Europe that began in monasteries and later spread to universities, emerged during this time. Its main concern was to sort out the relationship between the Christian faith and human reason. 4.During this time, there was the rediscovery of pre-Christian philosophers such as Aristotle. 5.Aristotle was the primary tool of scholastics, with his method of logical analysis and syllogisms. 6.Key figures: a.Anselm, Peter of Abelardb.The most articulate spokesman for scholasticism was the brilliant Christian thinker, Thomas Aquinas. His massive Summa Theologica synthesized the intellectual fruits of three centuries of intense academic discussion. It gave the Christian faith a rational, systematic expression, and eventually became the standard summary of theology in the Roman Catholic Church. Aquinas emphasized the importance of the literal meaning of scripture. For him it represented the basis of which the other senses (allegorical, anagogical, etc.) rested. He argued that the literal sense of Scripture contained everything necessary to faith. In effect, he freed theology from its long historical slavery to the allegorical method. 2.The Middle Ages witnessed the decline of the allegorical approach in the Church. The scholastic emphasis on the use of reason in interpretation underscored the subjectivity of allegory and undermined confidence in its validity. The application of philosophical tools to theology tended to anchor the interpretation of Scripture to more rational, objective moorings. On the other hand, practitioners of allegory still abounded in the church, and dependence upon traditional interpretation remained heavy. Different Forms Of Government EssayC.The rest of the 20th century witnessed a number of developments in biblical study, most of which were an expansion on one of the trends of history. 1.The application of the scientific method to historical research evolved to the point that some conducted little more than academic autopsies on scripture, treating scripture like a cadaver with literary parts for dissecting. Tedious analysis, even to the point of dissecting the origins of syllables in words, was conducted. Various types of criticism emerged, many that still have value if freed from radical rationalistic assumptions. 2.There also were approaches that were not quite as extreme, but which nonetheless discounted the historical reliability of scripture. Scholars such as the Swiss country pastor, Karl Barth, and the German theologian, Rudolf Bultmann, are representatives. a.Barth lambasted many of the mistakes of liberalism and tried to reemphasize the authority of the Word of God. His sermons and writings reflect penetrating biblical interpretation. Yet, he did not believe the miracles and stories were intended to be historical, but were intentional myths that conveyed theological truth in historical dress. God communicated in these myths because it is the only way fallen man could encounter a being so transcendent. The Bible is simply a conduit for a personal encounter with God, the myth being necessary to facilitate the experience. Once a person has the encounter, the Bible becomes the Word of God to that person. The Bible is a tool to be utilized subjectively to deepen the personal encounter, so there is no need to look for a coherent, objective stream of truth. This view is referred to as Neo-orthodoxy. b.Bultmann, believed that the prevailing scientific worldview had undermined the faith of many intelligent Christians. They had trouble believing the Bible because of all its mythological elements. He distinguished between the Jesus of History (the person who actually lived) and the Christ of Faith (the person represented in Christian preaching). By using scientific method, he identified the parts of scripture he thought were myth such as miracle stories, and tried to separate them from the kernels of actual history. This was referred to as demythologizing the text. Once the text was demythologized, one could discover the true message that was couched in the now outmoded myth. He did not believe the Bible contained much objective information, and that the reader could reject anything that was not scientific. The purpose of Bible study is to allow its understanding of human existence to clarify ones own existence. Built upon existential philosophy, which emphasizes the anxiety and hop elessness in human life, Bultmann believed if a person first acknowledges their unauthentic existence, they can go to the Bible to gain subjective insight that makes their lives more authentic. 3.Later efforts, such as the quest for this historical Jesus, and the so-called new hermeneutic built upon Bultmann. Obviously, there are many pitfalls, but the attempt of Bultmann to bring the text into human life has had a lasting impact that continues even today. 4.In reaction to this liberalism, scholars such as C. H. Dodd, T.W. Manson, and Vincent Taylor ably defended the substantial historical reliability of the Gospels and other sections of scripture. Another movement sprang up after World War II, called the Biblical Theology Movement. It sought to utilize scientific method to challenge and overthrow liberalism. Among other things, it emphasized the unity of the Bible as a whole, its historical reliability, and how the Bible surpassed the mentality of its ancient environment (which implied its divine origin). 3.Post-modern Era (CG)A.The post World-War II era is often referred to as Post-Modern. Essentially, it means After Modernism, modernism meaning an era dominated by science and the scientific method, in all of its forms. The atrocities of World War II, the ecological disasters brought on by industrialization, the moral decadence of the 70s, the failures of technology (such as the Challenger disaster), and many other factors have cast doubt on the supremacy of science and the possibilities of human achievement. Modernism has failed, forcing man to acknowledge his imperfection. Recent history has shown that man cannot master his environment, he cannot create the perfect society, and he cannot be trusted to be purely objective in his scientific endeavors. B.The problem is that while postmodernism disparages science, it puts nothing else in its place. It rejects the idea that there is an all-encompassing framework that helps us to understand everything. With modernism, there was a coheren t framework in which everything was to be understood, science. This even carried over to how we interpreted literature. There was the belief that the rational human being, applying scientific method, could stand above any written document and determine its objective meaning, even to the point of rejecting anything that was not scientifically verifiable (e.g. miracles). Postmodernism, however, is much less confident of man and his abilities. C.There is some validity to this. Postmodernism helps us to see the limitations of humanity and her bold experiment with science. Science never was capable of serving as the all-encompassing framework for understanding the universe. But it is equally as dangerous to reject the notion of objectivity and truth altogether. This is what postmodernism has done. Like modernism, it has left man to himself. But unlike modernism, it presents no hope in the possibility that anything else can give life its ultimate meaning. D.One strain of postmodernism in literature is the idea of deconstructionism. Deconstructionism, most often traced back to the French philosopher Derrida, asserts that all things written emerge out of a political bias. Objective, factual stories do not exist. Writers of history, literature, philosophy, etc., perhaps unconsciously, use language to empower their political bias. This language advances those within their system, and marginalizes, and perhaps oppresses, those outside their system. It captures and expresses only part of the story. The task of todays interpreter is, therefore, to deconstruct the story, ridding it of the bias used in its original construction, resulting in a phenomenon called revisionism. Revisionism is where a reader seeks to detect the bias employed by the original author, and then revises the story using a new lens, the bias of the reader. It is not that the original story was untrue, but that it represented one truth, as to where the revision sets forth another truth. This approach has spawned the revisionist theologies of the gay movement, feminists, and liberationists. RESTORATION MOVEMENT (NOT from Klein, Blomberg and Hubbard)1.Began and continues as an attempt to practice a pure New Testament Christianity, acknowledging proper distinctions between O.T. and N.T., disavowing human authority in religion, emphasizing priesthood of all believers, autonomy of the church, and achieving unity through restoration.2.Exists now as three separate movements. Churches of Christ (Non-instrumental) Separated from the above group in the early 1900s over issues such as the musical instrument and missionary societies. -Principle: Whatever is not expressly authorized in scripture is forbidden.-Grammatical-Historical approach to the text, and apply the text to determine church practice by extracting 1) divine command, 2) approved apostolic example, 3) necessary inference. Christian Churches / Churches of Christ (Instrumental) -Principle: Whatever is not expressly forbidden in scripture is authorized.-Same basic approach to the text as Churches of Christ (non-instrumental) above with a greater emphasis on piety, and more embracing of theological diversity on non-essentials.Disciples of Christ Gradual distinction from the Christian Church / Churches of Christ (Instrumental) began in the late 1940s, primarily over the influence of liberal theology in Disciples schools and ministers. EVALUATING THE MAJOR APPROACHESOBSERVATION: The assumptions of t he age tend to overwhelm ones approach to scripture. EVALUATION OF ALLEGORICAL METHOD1.It minimizes or discounts the historical sense of scripture, placing emphasis on hidden, subjective meanings. 2.It ignores many of the clear meanings of the original languages. 3.It destroys any objective basis for understanding truth, and is very speculative and fanciful. 4.It should not be followed unless scripture expressly describes itself as an allegory (e.g. Galatians 4:21-31; Matthew 13:18-23). EVALUATION OF LITERALISM (e.g. School of Antioch)1.Begins admirably as a real attempt to draw from scripture its original meaning. 2.There is the danger of hyper-literalism (commanding to be baptized straightway like the Philippian jailor in Acts 16). 3.Often has an accompanying unwillingness to make application, which may not be the fault of the method itself, but of the intentions of the interpreter. EVALUATION OF SCHOLASTICISM (e.g. Thomas Aquinas)1.Places religion and philosophy side-by-side, and blurs the distinction. 2.Tends to ignore history and the original language meanings in view of integrating ones theology with philosophy. 3.Often becomes little more than an attempt to provide intellectual strength for previously held assumptions. EVALUATION OF PIETISM (e.g. Spener, Wesley, Edwards often called Mysticism)1.Begins as an attempt to rescue the text from dogmatism and heresy-hunting and restore its value as spiritual food. 2.Tends to do less actual interpretation and explanation and overwhelms the text with pious reflection. 3.Often ignores the doctrinal import of many passages. EVALUATION OF RATIONAL-HISTORICAL-CRITICAL (including classical liberalism)1.Provides some excellent means of discovering important features and backgrounds that are important to correct understanding. 2.Easily slips into treating scripture as a cadaver to be dissected rather than the living Word of God to be understood and obeyed. 3.Often begins with the presuppositions of naturalism (i.e. no supernatural, miracles, etc.). 4.Often minimizes the Bible as a human document that evolved over time, denying Gods inspiration and intervention. EVALUATION OF NEO-ORTHODOXY (e.g. Karl Barth)1.Neo-orthodoxy begins the assumptions of liberalism above, so the same criticisms apply. 2.Often produces deep, penetrating interpretations of scripture, but (It is like a mermaid. Too much of a fish to love her as a woman, too much of a woman to eat her as a fish)3.Denies miracles as real but refers to them as if they actually happened. 4.Its view of authority is subjective, based on personal encounter. This is not to say we should be clinical with the text, as if you stand apart from it without it impacting you. But one does need to seek objective truth. EVALUATION OF POSTMODERNISM 1.Helps us to acknowledge that we are influenced by our cultural or ethnic bias in interpreting scripture, and that there are limitations to human attempts at understanding. But 2.Its view of mans rational abilities is too pessimistic, to the point of totally removing any objective basis for understanding scripture. 3.It refuses to distinguish between any system of thinking, choosing to be entirely pluralistic, denying the supremacy of the one God who has spoken clearly through his Word. EVALUATION OF RESTORATION HERMENEUTICS1.Admirable attempts and goals to return to the Bible for all religious authority over against denominational or traditional controls. 2.Often slips into proof-texting, hair-splitting, suspicion, and division.